Populasi dan Sampel dalam Penelitian Kuantitatif: Konsep Dasar dan Teknik Penentuan Sampel untuk Skripsi S1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66957/ek231530Keywords:
population, sample, sampling technique, quantitative research, undergraduate thesis, Penelitian, Sampel, Teknik Sampling, Ukuran Sampel, Penelitian KuantitatifAbstract
Abstract: Determining population and sample is one of the fundamental stages in quantitative research that directly influences the quality of statistical analysis, the strength of generalization, and the validity of research conclusions. However, undergraduate students often experience difficulties in defining the population appropriately, selecting suitable sampling techniques, and determining adequate sample sizes based on the chosen research design and statistical analysis. Existing guides, however, generally discuss population, sampling techniques, and sample size separately, and therefore have not provided a practical framework linking sampling decisions to the type of quantitative research and the statistical analysis commonly used in undergraduate theses. This article aims to provide a conceptual and practical guide to population, sample, sampling techniques, and sample size determination for undergraduate quantitative research through a narrative literature review of research methodology textbooks, sampling-related journal articles, and statistical references. The discussion covers the basic concepts of population and sample, the distinction between target population and accessible population, an overview of probability and non-probability sampling techniques, and practical guidelines for minimum sample sizes based on survey, comparative, and experimental research designs along with their associated statistical analyses. In addition, the article discusses practical and ethical considerations in sampling procedures and presents a sampling technique selection flowchart to assist students in choosing appropriate sampling approaches according to their research conditions. The main result of this synthesis is a conceptual mapping of population, sampling techniques, minimum sample sizes, and a sampling-technique selection pathway tailored to undergraduate thesis conditions. This article is expected to help undergraduate students design quantitative research that is more systematic, realistic, and methodologically sound, particularly in determining populations, sampling techniques, and sample sizes that align with research objectives and field constraints.
Abstrak: Penentuan populasi dan sampel merupakan salah satu tahap mendasar dalam penelitian kuantitatif yang secara langsung mempengaruhi kualitas analisis statistik, kekuatan generalisasi temuan, dan validitas kesimpulan penelitian. Namun demikian, mahasiswa S1 sering mengalami kesulitan dalam mendefinisikan populasi secara tepat, memilih teknik sampling yang sesuai, dan menentukan ukuran sampel yang memadai berdasarkan jenis penelitian dan analisis yang digunakan. Namun, panduan yang tersedia umumnya membahas populasi, teknik sampling, dan ukuran sampel secara terpisah, sehingga belum memberikan kerangka praktis yang menghubungkan keputusan sampling dengan jenis penelitian kuantitatif dan teknik analisis statistik yang lazim digunakan dalam skripsi S1. Artikel ini bertujuan memberikan panduan konseptual dan praktis tentang populasi, sampel, teknik sampling, dan ukuran sampel untuk skripsi S1 pada penelitian kuantitatif melalui kajian literatur naratif terhadap buku metodologi penelitian, artikel sampling, dan referensi statistik. Pembahasan mencakup konsep dasar populasi dan sampel, perbedaan populasi target dan populasi terjangkau, gambaran umum probability sampling dan non-probability sampling, serta panduan ukuran sampel minimum yang dikaitkan secara langsung dengan penelitian survei, komparatif, dan eksperimen beserta pilihan analisis statistiknya. Selain itu, artikel ini juga membahas pertimbangan praktis dan etis dalam pengambilan sampel serta menyajikan diagram alur pemilihan teknik sampling untuk membantu mahasiswa menentukan pendekatan sampling yang sesuai dengan kondisi penelitian mereka. Hasil utama sintesis ini berupa pemetaan konsep populasi, teknik sampling, ukuran sampel minimum, dan alur pemilihan teknik sampling yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi skripsi S1. Artikel ini diharapkan dapat membantu mahasiswa merancang penelitian kuantitatif yang lebih sistematis, realistis, dan metodologis, khususnya dalam menentukan populasi, teknik sampling, dan ukuran sampel yang sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian dan keterbatasan lapangan.
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